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Kufunika kwa mankhwala enieni kwadziwika kale m'dera linalake lochokera popanga mankhwala azitsamba achi China omwe ali abwino kwambiri [8]. Ubwino wamtengo wapatali ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chamankhwala enieni, ndipo malo okhala ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza ubwino wa zipangizo zoterezi. Kuyambira pomwe YCH idayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala, yakhala ikulamulidwa ndi YCH yakuthengo. Kutsatira kuyambika bwino ndi kukulitsa kwa YCH ku Ningxia m'ma 1980, gwero la mankhwala a Yinchaihu pang'onopang'ono linasintha kuchoka kuthengo kupita ku YCH yolimidwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wakale wa magwero a YCH [9] ndi kufufuza kwa m'munda kwa gulu lathu lofufuza, pali kusiyana kwakukulu m'madera ogawidwa a mankhwala olimidwa ndi akutchire. YCH yakuthengo imagawidwa makamaka ku Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region m'chigawo cha Shaanxi, moyandikana ndi malo owuma a Inner Mongolia ndi pakati pa Ningxia. Makamaka, chipululu cha chipululu m'maderawa ndi malo abwino kwambiri kuti YCH ikule. Mosiyana ndi izi, YCH yolimidwa imagawidwa kumwera kwa malo ogawa zakutchire, monga Tongxin County (Wolima I) ndi madera ozungulira, yomwe yakhala malo akuluakulu olima ndi kupanga ku China, ndi Pengyang County (Wolima II) , yomwe ili m’dera lakum’mwera kwambiri ndipo ndi malo ena amene amalimapo malo a YCH. Komanso, malo okhala m'madera awiri omwe ali pamwambawa sali chipululu. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa njira yopangira, palinso kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumakhala kuthengo komanso kulimidwa kwa YCH. Habitat ndi chinthu chofunikira chomwe chimakhudza ubwino wa mankhwala azitsamba. Malo osiyanasiyana adzakhudza mapangidwe ndi kudzikundikira kwa metabolites yachiwiri muzomera, motero zimakhudza ubwino wa mankhwala [10,11]. Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zomwe zili mu flavonoids yonse ndi ma sterols onse ndi kufotokoza kwa metabolites 53 zomwe tapeza mu phunziroli zingakhale zotsatira za kayendetsedwe ka minda ndi kusiyana kwa malo okhala.

Imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zomwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira ubwino wa mankhwala ndi kukakamiza zomera zomwe zimayambira. Kupsinjika kwakanthawi kwachilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti ma metabolites achiwiri achuluke [12,13]. Lingaliro la kukula / kusiyanitsa kumanena kuti, zakudya zikakhala zokwanira, zomera zimakula, pamene zakudya zikasowa, zomera zimasiyana kwambiri ndikupanga ma metabolites ena achiwiri.14]. Kupsyinjika kwachilala komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi ndizovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe zomwe zomera za m'madera ouma zimakumana nazo. Mu phunziro ili, madzi a YCH omwe amalimidwa ndi ochuluka kwambiri, ndipo mvula yamvula imakhala yochuluka kwambiri pachaka kuposa ya YCH yakuthengo (madzi a Cultivated I anali pafupifupi 2 nthawi ya Wild; Kulima II kunali pafupifupi 3.5 nthawi ya Wild. ). Kuonjezera apo, nthaka ya kuthengo ndi ya mchenga, koma nthaka ya m'munda ndi dongo. Poyerekeza ndi dongo, dothi lamchenga silisunga madzi bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri limakulitsa chilala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kulima nthawi zambiri kunkatsagana ndi kuthirira, kotero kuti vuto la chilala linali lochepa. Wild YCH imamera m'malo ouma achilengedwe, chifukwa chake imatha kuvutika ndi chilala.

Osmoregulation ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ya thupi yomwe zomera zimalimbana ndi chilala, ndipo alkaloids ndi ofunika kwambiri osmotic regulator mu zomera zapamwamba.15]. Betaine ndi mankhwala osungunuka a alkaloid quaternary ammonium ndipo amatha kukhala ngati osmoprotectants. Kupsinjika kwachilala kumatha kuchepetsa mphamvu ya osmotic ya maselo, pomwe ma osmoprotectants amasunga ndikusunga mawonekedwe ndi kukhulupirika kwa ma macromolecules achilengedwe, ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha chilala ku zomera [16]. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa kupsinjika kwa chilala, kuchuluka kwa betaine mu shuga beet ndi Lycium barbarum kumawonjezeka kwambiri.17,18]. Trigonelline ndi wowongolera kukula kwa maselo, ndipo pansi pa kupsinjika kwa chilala, imatha kukulitsa kutalika kwa ma cell a mbewu, kuletsa kukula kwa maselo ndikupangitsa kuti ma cell achuluke. Kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono mu cell kumathandizira kuti mbewuyo ikwaniritse malamulo a osmotic ndikukulitsa kuthekera kwake kukana kupsinjika kwa chilala [19]. JIA X [20] anapeza kuti, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kupsinjika kwa chilala, Astragalus membranaceus (gwero la mankhwala achi China) adatulutsa trigonelline yowonjezereka, yomwe imayendetsa mphamvu ya osmotic ndikuwongolera mphamvu yolimbana ndi chilala. Ma Flavonoids awonetsedwanso kuti amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi chilala [21,22]. Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira kuti kupsinjika kwachilala kwapang'onopang'ono kunathandizira kudzikundikira kwa flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [23] anayerekezera zotsatira za chilala pa YCH polamulira mphamvu yosungira madzi m'munda. Zinapezeka kuti kupsinjika kwa chilala kunalepheretsa kukula kwa mizu pamlingo wina, koma muzovuta zachilala komanso zachilala (40% mphamvu yogwira madzi am'munda), kuchuluka kwa flavonoid mu YCH kunakula. Pakadali pano, pansi pa kupsinjika kwachilala, ma phytosterols amatha kuchitapo kanthu kuti azitha kuyendetsa cell membrane fluidity ndi permeability, kuletsa kutayika kwa madzi ndikuwongolera kupsinjika.24,25]. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma flavonoids onse, ma sterols onse, betaine, trigonelline ndi ma metabolites ena achiwiri kuthengo YCH kungakhale kokhudzana ndi kupsinjika kwachilala kwamphamvu.

Mu phunziro ili, KEGG njira yolemeretsa kusanthula kunachitidwa pa metabolites yomwe inapezeka kuti ndi yosiyana kwambiri pakati pa YCH yakuthengo ndi yolima. Ma metabolites olemetsedwa akuphatikizapo omwe akukhudzidwa ndi njira za ascorbate ndi aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism ndi beta-alanine metabolism. Njira za metabolic izi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zolimbana ndi kupsinjika kwa zomera. Mwa iwo, kagayidwe ka ascorbate imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga antioxidant ya zomera, kagayidwe ka kaboni ndi nayitrogeni, kukana kupsinjika ndi ntchito zina zakuthupi.26]; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira mapuloteni.27,28], yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni osamva kupsinjika. Njira zonse za histidine ndi β-alanine zimatha kukulitsa kulolerana kwa zomera ku zovuta zachilengedwe [29,30]. Izi zikuwonetsanso kuti kusiyana kwa metabolites pakati pa zakutchire ndi kulimidwa kwa YCH kunali kogwirizana kwambiri ndi njira zopewera kupsinjika.

Nthaka ndiye maziko a kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera zamankhwala. Nayitrojeni (N), phosphorous (P) ndi potaziyamu (K) m’nthaka ndi zinthu zofunika pakukula ndi kukula kwa zomera. Dothi organic kanthu mulinso N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg ndi macroelements ena ndi kufufuza zinthu zofunika zomera mankhwala. Kuchuluka kapena kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi, kapena kusalinganika kwa zakudya m'thupi, kumakhudza kukula ndi chitukuko ndi mtundu wa mankhwala, ndipo zomera zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi zofunikira zosiyana za zakudya [31,32,33]. Mwachitsanzo, kupsinjika kochepa kwa N kumalimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka alkaloids ku Isatis indigotica, ndipo kunali kopindulitsa pakudzikundikira kwa flavonoids muzomera monga Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge ndi Dichondra repens Forst. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, N yochuluka kwambiri inalepheretsa kudzikundikira kwa flavonoids mu mitundu monga Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus canntoniensis ndi Ginkgo biloba, ndipo imakhudza ubwino wa mankhwala [.34]. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa P kunali kothandiza pakuwonjezera zomwe zili mu glycyrrhizic acid ndi dihydroacetone mu Ural licorice [35]. Pamene kuchuluka kwa ntchito kupitirira 0 · 12 kg · m-2, chiwerengero chonse cha flavonoid ku Tussilago farfara chinachepa [36]. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa P kunasokoneza zomwe zili mu polysaccharides mumankhwala achi China a rhizoma polygonati [37], koma feteleza wa K anali wothandiza kuonjezera ma saponins [38]. Kuthira feteleza wa 450 kg·hm−2 K kunali kwabwino kwambiri pakukula ndi kudzikundikira kwa saponin wa Panax notoginseng wazaka ziwiri [39]. Pansi pa chiŵerengero cha N: P: K = 2: 2: 1, kuchuluka kwa hydrothermal Tingafinye, harpagide ndi harpagoside anali apamwamba kwambiri [40]. The mkulu chiŵerengero cha N, P ndi K anali opindulitsa kulimbikitsa kukula kwa Pogostemon cablin ndi kuonjezera zili kosakhazikika mafuta. Chiŵerengero chochepa cha N, P ndi K chinawonjezera zomwe zili mu zigawo zazikulu za Pogostemon cablin tsinde mafuta a masamba [41]. YCH ndi chomera chopanda dothi chololera, ndipo chikhoza kukhala ndi zofunikira zenizeni za zakudya monga N, P ndi K. Mu kafukufukuyu, poyerekeza ndi YCH yolimidwa, nthaka ya zomera zakutchire za YCH inali yosabala: zomwe zili m'nthaka. ya organic matter, okwana N, okwana P ndi okwana K anali pafupifupi 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 ndi 1/3 awo a zomera zolimidwa, motero. Choncho, kusiyana kwa zakudya zam'nthaka kungakhale chifukwa china cha kusiyana kwa metabolites yomwe imapezeka mu YCH yolimidwa ndi yamtchire. Weibao Ma et al. [42] adapeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wina wa N ndi P kumapangitsa kuti mbeu zizikhala bwino. Komabe, zotsatira za michere pamtundu wa YCH sizowoneka bwino, ndipo njira zopangira umuna kuti zithandizire kuwongolera kwamankhwala zimafunikira kuphunzira mopitilira muyeso.

Mankhwala azitsamba aku China ali ndi mawonekedwe a "Malo abwino amathandizira kuti pakhale zokolola, ndipo malo osayenera amakhala abwino" [43]. M'kati mwapang'onopang'ono kuchoka kuthengo kupita ku YCH yolimidwa, malo okhalamo zomera anasintha kuchoka ku chipululu chopanda kanthu kupita ku malo achonde okhala ndi madzi ochulukirapo. Malo a YCH omwe amalimidwa ndi apamwamba ndipo zokolola zimakhala zapamwamba, zomwe zimathandiza kukwaniritsa zofuna za msika. Komabe, malo apamwambawa adayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa metabolites ya YCH; kaya izi zikuyenera kuwongolera mtundu wa YCH komanso momwe mungakwaniritsire kupanga kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa YCH kudzera m'miyeso yolima motengera sayansi kudzafunika kufufuza kwina.

Kulima kofananira ndi njira yofananizira malo okhala ndi chilengedwe chazomera zakuthengo, potengera chidziwitso cha kusinthika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zomera ku zovuta za chilengedwe [43]. Pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza zomera zakutchire, makamaka malo oyambirira a zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero a zipangizo zamakono zamankhwala, njirayo imagwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe a sayansi ndi kulowererapo kwa anthu kuti athetse kukula ndi kagayidwe kachiwiri kwa zomera zaku China [43]. Njirazo zimafuna kukwaniritsa makonzedwe abwino kwambiri a chitukuko cha mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri. Kulima kofananira ndi malo okhala kuyenera kupereka njira yabwino yopangira YCH yapamwamba kwambiri ngakhale maziko a pharmacodynamic, zolembera zabwino ndi njira zoyankhira kuzinthu zachilengedwe sizikudziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, tikuwonetsa kuti mapangidwe asayansi ndi njira zoyendetsera minda pakulima ndi kupanga YCH ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe a YCH yakuthengo, monga dothi louma, losabala komanso lamchenga. Nthawi yomweyo, tikuyembekezanso kuti ofufuza azichita kafukufuku wozama pazida zogwirira ntchito komanso zolembera za YCH. Maphunzirowa atha kupereka njira zowunikira bwino za YCH, ndikulimbikitsa kupanga kwapamwamba komanso chitukuko chokhazikika chamakampani.